Implementation of 2-bit multiplier based on electro-optic effect in Mach–Zehnder interferometers

This paper demonstrates the structure and working principle of an optical 2-bit multiplier using lithium niobate (LiNbO[subscript 3]) based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The powerful ability of MZI structures to switch the optical signal from one output port to the other output port has been used in the implementation of the proposed 2-bit multiplier. The paper constitutes the mathematical description of the 2-bit multiplier and thereafter compilation using MATLAB. The study is carried out by simulating the proposed device with Beam propagation method (BPM).DIT University (Faculty Research Scheme Ref. No.: DITU/R&D/2014/7/ECE

An optical synchronous up counter based on electro-optic effect of lithium niobate based Mach–Zehnder interferometers

Sequential circuits have the ability to store, retain and then retrieve information when needed at a later time. They act as storage elements and have memory. However, due to ever increasing demand of data rate, already existing electronic signal processing devices have become obsolete due to their large latency. To overcome the existing bottleneck, a 4-bit synchronous up counter using electro-optic effect of Mach–Zehnder interferometer has been proposed. The study is carried out by simulating the proposed device with beam propagation method

Design of D flip-flop and T flip-flop using Mach–Zehnder interferometers for high-speed communication

Electrical component speed is a major constraint in high-speed communications.To overcome this constraint, electrical components are now being replaced by optical components.The application of optical switching phenomena has been used to construct the design of the D flip-flop and T flip-flop based on the electro-optic effect in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI).The MZI structures show the powerful ability to switch the optical signal from one output port to the other. Hence, it is possible to construct some complex optical combinational digital circuits using the electro-optic-effect-based MZI structure as a basic building block.This paper constitutes the mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter compilation using MATLAB.The study is carried out by simulating the proposed device with the beam propagation method

Design of photonics crystal fiber sensors for bio-medical applications

Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) have special structures and offer a number of novel design options, such as very large or very small mode areas, high numerical aperture, guidance of light in air, and novel dispersion properties.PCFs have become an attractive field for the researchers and they are trying to work on these to get their properties applied in dispersion related applications, sensing applications and much more.PCFs sensors are widely used in bio-medical applications. The sensitivity and performance of sensors are enhanced due to novel applications of PCFs.This paper outlines a novel design for a generalized biomedical sensor by collaborating PCF and electro-optic effect of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO_3) based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure

Characterization of timing and spacial resolution of novel TI-LGAD structures before and after irradiation

The characterization of spacial and timing resolution of the novel Trench Isolated LGAD (TI-LGAD) technology is presented. This technology has been developed at FBK with the goal of achieving 4D pixels, where an accurate position resolution is combined in a single device with the precise timing determination for Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs). In the TI-LGAD technology, the pixelated LGAD pads are separated by physical trenches etched in the silicon. This technology can reduce the interpixel dead area, mitigating the fill factor problem. The TI-RD50 production studied in this work is the first one of pixelated TI-LGADs. The characterization was performed using a scanning TCT setup with an infrared laser and a $^{90}$Sr source setup

A survey of Avifauna in aquatic habitat and their adjoining areas of Ramnagar, Uttarakhand, India

The present study deals with the observation of avifauna in the aquatic habitat and their adjoining areas of Ramnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The present study was carried out from January 2020 to December 2020. We have recorded a total of 145 avian species belonging to the 54 families during the study period. Among this, a total of 113 residents and 32 winter visitor species were identified. The percentage of resident and winter visitor avian species was 78.08% and 21.91%. During the study period, we also reported the four avian species viz., River Lapwing, River tern, Great Hornbill, and Alexandrine Parakeet are under the Near Threatened (NT) category and one species, namely Red-headed vulture is critically endangered according to IUCN Red data book. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that the selected study area has avifauna diversity of utmost importance which should be conserved by implementing specific strategies